Political science final exam and 3 quizes Case Study - 1

Political theory end of the year test and 3 quizes - Case Study Example His endeavors depended on the idea of improving the general standpoint of open organization. The whole exertion depended on twofold decades commitments which came to forward in evident soul just in 1940s. 2.According to the Woodrow Wilson case inspected in your reading material on pages 26-27, what thought of a one-time dark teacher Woodrow Wilson would in the end become the doctrine of scholarly open organization? Woodrow Wilson was related with showing calling for prior piece of his vocation, and till the beginning of his 30s, he had not accomplished anything considerable and for this issue he at one time said that even at age of 31, I have accomplished nothing, anyway he had the knowledge and vision to get truly outstanding in the field of open organization and he dedicated his endeavors and energies towards this field and calling that would become foundation of open organization standards everywhere throughout the world. 3.Based on the Woodrow Wilson case on pages 26-27, what closeness exists between previous President Woodrow Wilson and current President Barack Obama as it identifies with both men’s early works and their height in the field of the scholarly community? Were their works conspicuously gotten? Both the pioneers, the current President Barack Obama and the then president Woodrow Wilson were related with the scholarly calling, cleared their path through persistent battle and difficult stir ascended to the position of being the guiders of the country in longer run. Both had a similitude among them with regards to expecting to realize change, while Woodrow Wilson set out to achieve change by means of open organization and administration model, President Barack Obama followed a similar interest without obviously naming the area of open organization. Their alliance to the field of the scholarly community empowered them supporting a point towards progress in the current arrangement of administrative exercises. Both the pioneers

Alexander the Great Arriving in Persepolis Essay Example For Students

Alexander the Great Arriving in Persepolis Essay I am Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia leader of Greece. I have been lord of Macedonia since my dads death five years back. Since his passing I have vanquished a significant part of the world. I am heartless, and should anybody endeavor to vanquish me in fight, they make certain to kick the bucket. The year I became leader of Macedonia I set out to the city of Thessaly to reestablish Macedonia rule. After Thessaly submitted to me I vanquished numerous states, and numerous different states uninhibitedly submitted without fights. Two years after my dads passing, my war with the Persians started. Close to the city of Troy, I crushed the Persian armed force. In doing as such, all the conditions of Asia at that point presented their arms to me. After a year I would experience the Persians once more; this time the primary Persian armed force would be my rival. I crushed the Persian armed force drove by King Darious III at the city of Issus, and after a year took the city of Tire. Moreover, Egypt gave up to me. Maybe they realized they couldn't overcome me in fight and thought it better not to attempt. I had now made sure about control of the whole eastern Mediterranean coastline. I currently acquire you to my current time history. It has been a long time since I became lord of Macedonia, and I have indeed vanquished my adversary, King Darious III at Babylon. I am presently focusing on entering into the dividers of Persepolis. I am amped up for this, as I am intending to recovering numerous fortunes which lie behind the dividers. This will be a very satisfying annihilation on the grounds that the Persian Empire pillaged Athens right around 15 decades prior. I can't release this and as a result of it I will enter Persepolis and thrashing the Persians and consummate retribution upon them. With my profoundly gifted armed force of around sixty-thousand men, I entered Persepolis and accepted control of its royal residence. I wind up in the core of Persia. From the Persian treasury at Persepolis I held onto a wondrous measure of cash. It is a merited recompense, and I should turn to the custom of retribution for what the Persians did when Xerxes attacked Greece nearly hundred and fifty years prior. Alexander surrendered the city to his soldiers, who raged through its lanes, butchered men, pillaged their property and stripped ladies of their gems. My military and I will remain in Persepolis for the rest of the winter and rest. There are numerous fights ahead for which we will require quality. It was with this that I began to feel that I was unable to be both the justice fighter for what the Persians had done in Greece and simultaneously be their new ruler. In any case, in late-winter I likewise realized that I owed it to the Athenians to permit retribution one final time. Xerxes consumed the Athenian Acropolis and the towns and sanctuaries of Attica those 15 decades prior, and I realize that I should accomplish something similarly damaging. Following a multi month remain in Persepolis, it is currently time to proceed onward to vanquish more states and power them to be administered by Greeks. The prior night we were to leave Persepolis, my men and I occupied with drinking and devouring. As the night went on, and my outrage inside me developed, I started thinking about an approach to accomplish retaliation against the Persians. I calculated the best way to really accomplish this was to do to them what they had done to the Athenians. It was with this that my military and I consumed Persepolis castle of Xerxes. I have now gotten my retribution on the Persians and I would now be able to turn into their ruler and put the retaliation behind me. .

FOREST ELEPHANT AND ITURI FOREST IN CONGO Essay

Timberland ELEPHANT AND ITURI FOREST IN CONGO - Essay Example Then again, the locals chase on the timberland elephants and perform different exercises to continue their life. There is a scarce difference of contrast between maintaining the common parts of the timberland and satisfying the requirements of the considerable number of partners. An exploration including the points of view of the considerable number of partners included is required so as to build up that line of distinction. Foundation of Ituri The timberland got its name from the popular Ituri River. Limited to the limits of the Uganda fringes and the open locales of Savannah, Ituri woodland alongside its streams winds up on the banks of the Zaire River. The woods is made out of bumpy areas secured with thick vegetation and the normal height over the slopes is around 800 meters. The thick vegetation incorporates trees of hardwood type, transcendently spread over a few sections of land of the land. The woodland is bounteous in its characteristic assets and along these lines gives col ossal chances to monetary abuses. (Ituri Forest, 2011) Stakeholders Mbutis The locals are the significant partners associated with changing both monetary and natural points of view of the woods. The Mbutis, once in the past known as the Pygmies, have continued their life in these thick woods for a few ages. Despite the fact that, at present, their populace is remaining around a pitiful 40000, they despite everything assume a significant job in deciding the use of this backwoods region. The Mbutis essential method of resource has experienced chasing. In spite of the fact that, the thinking for their chasing campaigns have all been firmly associated with their prudent resource, the present patterns of chasing by the Mbutis, doesn't limit to that reason alone. Other financial perspectives are brought into the image, raising various partners, keen on different results of chasing. There is a wide market opened for exchanging backwoods items particularly the meat of deer, monkeys and timb erland elephants. The contemporary patterns in exchange showcase propose that there is a developing interest for the Antelope meat. Business associations and different business visionaries are focusing on the high business esteem for Antelope meat and thus, regardless of the deceptive states of the backwoods, they travel up right to trade flour, rice and other nourishment items with Mbuti for Antelope meat. Since business chasing gives them the important way to support a forager’s life, there chasing undertakings keep on developing in the Ituri woods. Aside from this, they develop vegetation and concentrate minerals from the land and trade it for nourishment items. Be that as it may, the assets of minerals and trees have pulled in different partners to utilize these assets for business purposes. The spots once abused distinctly by these locals have become a hotspot for some. Thus, there protein supplier’s job that they have been seeking after for over 2000 years is dim inishing quickly. Moved pilgrims The abuse began in the 1940’s itself when the Belgians opened up the streets for simple vehicle and from that point forward, a few sections of land of land have been cleared out of trees for development and farming. One significant result on account of these conditions is the exhaustion of customary exchange between the Mbutis and the

A READING RESPONSE TO UTOPIA BOOK 2 BY THOMAS MORE - 275 Words

A READING RESPONSE TO UTOPIA: BOOK 2 BY THOMAS MORE (Essay Sample) Content: A READING RESPONSE TO UTOPIA: BOOK 2 BY THOMAS MORE Author’s name Course name Date After Raphael Hythloday has developed his motif of the Utopian commonwealth, More provides his remarks to the reader. More notes that Hythloday discourse including the religion, the traditions, and the absence of exchange of money was peculiar to him. He finally notes that he could concur with all the thoughts of Hythloday but notes that government should reflect some of the features apparent in the Commonwealth of Utopia. The last remark by More creates confusion on whether he believed in the structure of society he espoused in his text. It is arguable that he was merely allowing a fancy thought as he expresses in the book that some of the most of the things that occurred to him regarding the structure of that society were absurd. Nevertheless, one can allude that More subscribed to the idea of Utopia since he would not have written the book on an idea whic h he considered absurd. In fact, he made several contrasts between Utopia and Europe, particularly the Christian nations, to show a society that almost attained the epitome Christian society by having a rational government. Notably, in regarding the book as a theoretical discourse with Utopia as an ideal civilization, the concept of truth becomes problematic. For instance, if the Utopians’ culture are proper, how applicable are they to, us, the readers? Hythloday argues that the Utopian plans could benefit Britain. However, the s...

Failure And Fraud Of Enron - 1161 Words

Introduction In society, there have always been differing characteristics such as failure and fraud that have been linked through time. However, although failure and fraud are connected in several various ways, one tends to come before the other. Generally failure is the absence of achieving success and fraud is committing an unlawful act that is driven by failure or to result in failure. Failure has driven fraud for countless reasons either for financial prosperity or personal supremacy. In many cases the direction of failure and fraud is mainly subjected to the individual’s personal objective. Conversely, there have been many situations in which corporations too big to fail have succumbed to failure and fraud due to a destructive corporate objective. In 2001, Enron, the seventh largest company in the U.S participated in fraudulent activity. The fraudulent activity committed by Enron was the beginning of an inevitable ripple of failure in the company’s future. Although Enron performed the major scandal, the auditing agency Arthur Andersen was highly responsible for their negligence and their participation in the deception of the financial investors. The general public didn t easily predict the downfall of Enron because it was one of the most thriving establishments in the corporate world. In many cases, companies as substantial as Enron are sometimes used as a measurement to gauge how the economy is preforming in the current market. The financial fraudShow MoreRelatedAffirmative Adaptation And Modernize Resulting From The Scandal1493 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative Adaptation and modernize resulting from the scandal In today’s society the desolation of Enron has been one of the greatest disasters to hit a major United States corporation, nevertheless the actions of this deception let to Varity major future benefits. The effects of Enron without a doubt are primarily disadvantageous. However, although Enron has made illegal and unethical choices the company has paid the ultimate penalty by â€Å"Declared bankruptcy on December 2, 2001 afterRead MoreHistory of Enron: What is Fraudulent Financial Reporting?770 Words   |  3 PagesEnron Corporation History of Enron Enron Corporation was founded in Omaha, Nebraska (US), and in 1985 Houston Natural Gas Consolidated with InterNorth to make, what is now established as the energy based company. The corporation based in Houston, Texas (founded in 1985) was known as the better enterprise in North America that accomplished one of the vast natural gas transmission networks. â€Å"Enron was a provider of products and services related to natural gas, electricity and communications to wholesaleRead MoreEnron Corporation : The Enron Scandal Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesThe Enron Scandal The objective of an audit is to â€Å"obtain reasonable assurance† of the credibility of the financial statements of a company . However, in some cases auditors can fail to recognize – or intentionally ignore – misleading data within a company’s financial statements, leading to negative outcomes for lenders and investors. This report will discuss the Enron scandal in which the auditing firm Arthur Andersen LLP turned a blind eye to the fraudulent actions of Enron Corporation, leadingRead MoreEnron And Its Impact On Enron s Downfall Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract recent collapses of high profile business failures like Enron,Worldcom,Parmlat,and Tycohasbeen a subject of great debate among regulators, investors, government and academics in the recent past. Enron’s case was the greatest failure in the history of American capitalism and had a major impact on financial markets by causing significant losses to investors. Enron was a company ranked by Fortune as the most innovative company in the United States; it exemplified the transition from the productionRead MoreFraud : The Perfect Fraud Storm1420 Words   |  6 PagesStatement Fraud Option #2 The perfect fraud storm occurred between the years 2000 and 2002 involving two of the largest energy and telecom corporations in the United States: Enron and WorldCom. It was determined that both organizations fraudulently overstated assets, created assets from expenses or overstated revenues, costing investors billions of dollars and resulting in both organizations declaring bankruptcy (Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht Zimbelman, 2012). Nine factors contributed to fraud triangleRead MoreForensic Investment1144 Words   |  5 PagesSituation analysis    Important internal controls that were ignored? The auditors of Enron did fail in their task of providing a duty of care to all of the parties. The main reason for this is that they failed to correctly audit the assets and financial position of Enron resulting in all stakeholders having no clue about the forthcoming collapse of Enron. This resulted in the stakeholders facing a very critical condition or a phase where in they were not sure if they would be able to recover theirRead MoreEnron: What Caused the Ethical Collapse?882 Words   |  4 PagesKenneth Lay, former chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of Enron Corp., claimed to be a moral and ethical leader and exhorted Enron’s officers and employees to be highly ethical in their decisions and actions. In addition, the Enron Code of Ethics specified that â€Å"An employee shall not conduct himself or herself in a manner which directly or indirectly would be detrimental to the best interests of the Company or in a manner which would bring to the employee financial gain separately derivedRead MoreRise and Fall of Enron Essay872 Words   |  4 PagesThe rise and fall of Enron is a company that was lead to its own demise by it’s own leadership and ill business decisions. The motivational theories explained from the readings of Organization Behavior can correlate with the failure of Enron’s internal organization. Even though a company may appear to display successful business practices, the influence of leadership through management can ultimately lead the company to fail. Enron’s code of ethics prided itself on four key values; respect, integrityRead MoreA Discussion On Ethics And Law Essay1635 Words   |  7 Pages Enron, a Discussion on Ethics and Law Leadership’s Role in Ethical Dilemma As documented in a promotional video for Enron, Kenneth Lay states: â€Å"Enron is a company that deals with everyone with absolute integrity. We play by all the rules. . . We want people to leave a transaction with Enron thinking they have been dealt with in the highest possible way, as far as integrity and truthfulness and really doing our business right.† (Enron Vision and Values, 1998, 3:32) Whereas this message was intendedRead MoreFall of Enron1160 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fall of Enron 1. Why was Enron such an admired company prior to 2000? What innovation do they bring to the table? Be specific and support your statement with concrete information. Prior to the year 2000, Enron Company, established in the mid-80s, caused the admiration worldwide because of its fast rise of revenue both in the local and international stock market in a short period of time. Enron’s operating income in the year 2000 was stated in $100.7 billion and its after-tax net income was

The Debate Over Gun Control - 1522 Words

The debate over gun control in America continues to trouble politicians to this day. According to the constitution, the second amendment gives us the right to bear arms (U.S. Const.). Many different interpretations of what precisely the amendment means exist in this country. However, the two main sides include pro gun control and against gun control. In this paper, we will weigh the pros and cons of both sides and with any luck approach a conclusion on what side performs a superior job. People interpret gun control as the problem, but realistically gun control laws do not cause the issues, however the people that enforce said laws do. Scrutiny over gun control reached an all time high recently and addressing the scrutiny helps find the solution. The individuals that agree with gun control often base their argument on the statistics of gun related deaths in the country, often times they do not state whether or not these include intentional or accidental deaths. They also do not take into account whether or not that the deaths happen solely because of the guns. Guns cannot kill people, the people with guns kill people, but if they really wanted to kill someone not having a gun does not effect whether or not it happens (NRA). Inanimate objects do not ever kill anyone and guns classify as inanimate objects. According to statistics, out of 4.3 million non- lethal violent crimes a year only 8 % involved guns (U.S. Congress 4). Often activists for gun control call for stricterShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Over Gun Control1210 Words   |  5 Pagesnot be involved in gun control. The second amendment to the United state s constitution says A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Is this not enough can the bill of rights say this anymore clear. Many might state that the way this statement is worded is the point of debate and it should be interpreted differently. This is the root of all the hot debate over gun control. Does the constitutionRead MoreThe Debate Over The Gun Control892 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most debated and talked about issues going on today concerns gun control. There are many different aspects being brought up with concern to gun control. One of the biggest this past year especially here in Texas is the issue of allow-ing conceal carry on college campuses. College campuses are usually gun free zones, but with so many shootings happening on campuses some want to be allowed to carry. A lot of people are for infringing upon a person’s constitutional right to life andRead MoreThe Debate Over Gun Control3031 Words   |  13 PagesOne major cause of heated debate in the United States is the contrasting stands on gun control. This one subject has a nation divided on a very serious topic that saves and takes lives. On the one hand, those for gun control argue a case against increasing gun violence in everyday life. Those that are against gun control argue that it is in an individual’s right to own and possess guns. It is a matter of liberty and a right to bear arms and a necessity of self-protection. The problem with bothRead MoreThe Debate Over Gun Control889 Words   |  4 Pagesschool gangs, physical attacks, and fatalities involved with guns. School shootings have been on the rise over the past several years. To bring awareness to school violence, teachers, staff, and parents need to be further trained in noticing warning signs of depression and anger issues which may lead to bullying and disrespectful learning environments for all parties. In addition to awareness within schools, the debate over gun control has been a topic discussed for many years in hopes to curb schoolRead MoreThe Debate Over Gun Control1156 Words   |  5 Pagesyou have kept up with all the controversy in the news, then it is surely fair to assume that you have an opinion over gun control. Gun control is a big deal because with so many people having them it can make individuals feel unsafe to leave their home or possibly even be in their homes. There is also the fear that individuals possess on the other end of the spectrum that if their guns are taken, how they will protect themselves from people whom wish to harm them. These questions and concerns riseRead MoreThe Debate Over Gun Control1732 Words   |  7 Pages The topic of gun control has become very popular in recent years as there is now more controversy than ever about the role that guns play in today’s world. I have come to be interested in this topic because it seems like not a day goes by anymore where there isn’t a newspaper published with an article slandering either the pro or anti gun control activists. Going into this topic, I was assuming that I would end up reading about a lot of school shootings and h ow it is just guns that are causingRead MoreThe Debate Over Gun Control939 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control Close your eyes and relax. Imagine that you are in a time of 236 years ago, and imagine that you are one of the few people that had the privilege of writing the country’s constitution. It would not take long until you get to the second amendment. This amendment reads â€Å"A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed† (Davis). This amendment has extreme importance, and should not beRead MoreThe Debate Over Gun Control925 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control is a hot debate topic, where people have been divided into two different viewpoints. The majority of states has supported their colleges to carry guns in case of a mass shootout. While the majority of liberal and democratic oppose carrying guns onto school property. Some states such as Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Wisconsin, and Mississippi has already passed the law to allowed students to carry c oncealed weapons on campuses to protect themselves from unwanted mass shootersRead MoreThe Debate Over Stricter Gun Control929 Words   |  4 Pages Gun Control in the United States The debate over stricter gun laws has been ongoing in the United States for quite some time now. Individuals who oppose stricter gun control laws argue that the second amendment to the constitution of the United States constitute part of the bill of rights that protect the right for American citizens to bear arms, and any attempt to set up laws for gun control will be a direct violation on this (Hofstadter 10). They argueRead MoreEssay about The Debate Over Gun Control1274 Words   |  6 Pages These people believe this because of the part of the Second Amendment that states, â€Å"The right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed.† People who are strong advocates against gun control use this part of the Second Amendment to drive their point across. Advocates against gun control believe that preserving the freedom of a state through a militia is not the only way it should be looked at, these people believe that the amendment also implies a clause that ta kes into account ones

Determinist Theories Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Determinist Theories. Answer: Application of determinist theories The determinist theories applied within the context of an organization helps in bringing about the suitable changes within the organizational framework. The approach undertaken over here could be justified using different school of thoughts and accepted standards. It further consists of a number of theories such as resource dependency theory, institutional theory and population ecology. Thestrategic management focuses upon providing the company with a competitive advantage over others. The determinist theories on the other hand focus upon long term growth or evolution of the organization as a whole. There are three different theories covered under the determinist approaches such as the institutional, resource dependent and population ecology theories. As commented by Wollmann Steiner (2017), the institutional theory is particularly useful in conducting a research upon the changing market dynamics. The population ecology further helps in analysing the social, economic and political considerations, which further affects the work process of an organization. Resource dependency theory According to Drees and Heugens (2013), the resource dependency theory is an important component how the determinism principles that is applied within an organization. The purpose of this theory is to focus upon the external resources that have direct and indirect impact on the organizational performance. .Pfeffer and SALANCIK (2015), have added in this context that it is essential for an organizationmanagement to procure all necessary resources that can help to manage all type of critical situation. It is crucial to analyze the external environment, which is an essential step to determine and analyze the available resources. One of the most popular aspects of this theory is due to the fact that it allows one organization to depend upon available resources of other organization in the same business environment. In other word, it is possible to legally develop business partnership by sharing the available resources (Nienhser, 2017). Few of the important resources that are an essential part of all multinational corporations include capital, labor and raw material supply that is dependent upon the performance of the Logistic department. The option of business outsourcing process from third party agent is also possible in accordance with the principle of resource dependence theory. Hence, it is possible for legally independent business organization to depend upon other institutions for getting supply of better resources. Large scale multinational organization hiring workers from business Processing Unit is one of the popular example of the application of this theory. Nevertheless, as mentioned in the argument of Malatesta and Smith (2014), one of the major challenges in implication of resource based theory is due to the fact that in many cases large scale business organization can adopt unethical business policy to procure their own resources. This can be a highly challenging for small scale business organization. Moreover, as in most cases, organizations are dependent upon external agents for research supply; they are not able to implement independent organizational business strategy under all circumstances. Institutional theory The main aim of the institutional theory within an organization is to provide a complex overview of structure and functioning and operational management. There are certain legitimate elements that control the elements of institutional theory within an organization. According to Vayanos and Woolley (2013), there are certain critical conditions within an organization, which help to determine the importance of institutional theory, which can rapidly help to implement the radical ideas related to organizational structure. Keohane, and Martin (2014), have mentioned about the challenges associated with application of institutional theory due to the fact that organization have to assume and grant for certain objectives. It is believed that the social structure of a culture is reflected with in elements of the institutional theory. It thereby provides guideline to the management` about maintaining cultural diversity within an organization. According to MacCormick and Weinberger (2013), is one of the popularly widely except theoretical element that is dependent upon the isomorphism and legitimacy of a given situation within the society. It mainly emphasizes upon the legal aspect of the organizational structure. On the other hand, Wang et al., (2014), have argued about the fact that one of the main challenge of institutional theory is due to the fact that organization have to change their protocol depending upon changes in the economy and social structure of a community. This is mainly challenging for multinational corporations, which have to deal with business and social environment of different nation all across the globe. It is therefore highly essential for the multinational organization to have effective human resource policy to implement a perfect institutional theory depending upon social and economic circumstances. From the research work of Grob and Benn (2014), it is clear that if a multinational corporation is successfully able to tackle the diversity in the social structure in different places and market, it is possible for them to implement the principles of institutional theory that can help them to maintain a proper and unique organizational structure. Population ecology Theory The population ecology of organizational Ecology theory is a sub section of organizational theory that helps to determine the situation under which an organization is able to emerge, sustain and perish under certain situations. According to Allen and Starr (2017), the population Ecology theory analyses the level of integration within a society and that help them to accomplish organizational goal. The main aim of this theory is to focus upon the needs of individual stakeholder within an organization. Abbott et al., (2016), have mentioned that it is important to focus upon a particular type of population and collect various relevant data about their social and cultural aspect. This will be used exclusively for implementing organizational theory within the certain group of the population. It is also important to focus up on that changed within a society at various levels can help to affect the overall performance within an organization. The major implication of the social theory is to ensure sustainability within the business environment that can be employed in broader prospect under various critical conditions. From the findings of the research work of Allen and Starr (2017), it is clear that the elements of population Ecology theory are valuable aspect of business sustainability for new entrants. Hence, it is possible to deal with all types of uncertain and unsustainable organizational business environment. It is also important to mention that application of sustainability practice can improve the chance of surviving rate in the fast changing external business environment. However, as mentioned by Cross et al., (2015), one of the major challenges associated with the population Ecology theory is due to the complexity of the social structure that can harm the overall business environment. The complexities can also be a major challenge to the policy making body of an organization. Justification of the selected approach After consideration of both forms of theory in the forms of strategic and determinism, it is believed that, the latter is more effective in the context of dealing with organizational challenges. This is due to the fact that with determinism there are different kind of theories namely the resource dependence theory, institutional and population Ecology theory under the deterministic theory that can help to effectively manage all types of organizational issues especially the one related to that of the human resource department. With the help of these theories that have been mentioned under the paradigm of determinism, it is possible to analyse all circumstances related to that of the issues that are encountered within an organization. For the manager of an organization it is more helpful to focus upon resource related issues while implementing organizational strategy. With the help of strategic development theory, it may not be possible to focus upon any particular issue encountered du ring the time of policy making that will ultimately compromise upon the level of organizational performance. Organizational theories are highly dependent upon the external business environment and demand of the society. With the help of theories under the determinism, it is possible to identify the need of the society by collecting relevant marketing data. In spite of the several challenges that have been mentioned in the previous section about each of the determinism theories, it is possible to overcome to deal with the ultimate challenges related to that of the business issues and organizational conflict. This is mainly possible by improving the level of cultural diversity that is major part of the population ecology theory. By the elements of the resource dependency theory, it is possible to ensure that no resource are being wasted and increase the chance of revenue loss. Conclusion The current study focuses upon the aspect of paradigm wars within the context of an organization and the role played by the same in bringing forth evolution within the business context. In this context, a number of approaches have been discussed which plays crucial role in deciding upon the suitable organizational action. The two such contradictory views have been discussed over here which includes strategic choice and determinist theory. The strategic choices are mainly focussed upon evidence based decision making and planning. This helps in identification of the problem situation and provides the organization with a competitive advantage. On the other hand, the determinist theory helps in the long term growth of the organization by focussing upon the different marketing challenges and sustainable measures which could be implemented of the long term growth. References Abbott, K. W., Green, J. F., Keohane, R. O. (2016). Organizational ecology and institutional change in global governance. International Organization, 70(2), 247-277. Aguinis, H., Edwards, J. R., Bradley, K. J. (2017). Improving our understanding of moderation and mediation in strategic management research.Organizational Research Methods,20(4), 665-685. Allen, T. F., Starr, T. B. (2017). Hierarchy: perspectives for ecological complexity. University of Chicago Press. Boxenbaum, E. (2014). Toward a situated stance in organizational institutionalism: Contributions from French pragmatist sociology theory.Journal of Management Inquiry,23(3), 319-323. Cross, W. F., Hood, J. M., Benstead, J. P., Huryn, A. D., Nelson, D. (2015). Interactions between temperature and nutrients across levels of ecological organization. Global change biology, 21(3), 1025-1040. Drees, J. M., Heugens, P. P. (2013). Synthesizing and extending resource dependence theory: A meta-analysis. Journal of Management, 39(6), 1666-1698. Grob, S., Benn, S. (2014). Conceptualising the adoption of sustainable procurement: an institutional theory perspective. Australasian journal of environmental management, 21(1), 11-21. Jarzabkowski, P., Kaplan, S. (2015). Strategy tools?in?use: A framework for understanding technologies of rationality in practice.Strategic Management Journal,36(4), 537-558. Keohane, R. O., Martin, L. L. (2014). Institutional theory as a research program. The Realism Reader, 320. MacCormick, N., Weinberger, O. (2013). An institutional theory of law: new approaches to legal positivism (Vol. 3). Springer Science Business Media. Malatesta, D., Smith, C. R. (2014). Lessons from resource dependence theory for contemporary public and nonprofit management. Public Administration Review, 74(1), 14-25. Nienhser, W. (2017, July). Resource Dependence TheoryHow Well Does It Explain Behavior of Organizations?. In Human Resources, Labour Relations and Organizations (pp. 192-219). Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Co. KG. Pfeffer, J., SALANCIK, G. (2015). EXTERNAL CONTROL OF ORGANIZATIONSRESOURCE DEPENDENCE PERSPECTIVE. Organizational Behavior 2: Essential Theories of Process and Structure, 2, 355. Vayanos, D., Woolley, P. (2013). An institutional theory of momentum and reversal. The Review of Financial Studies, 26(5), 1087-1145. Wang, P., Che, F., Fan, S., Gu, C. (2014). Ownership governance, institutional pressures and circular economy accounting information disclosure: An institutional theory and corporate governance theory perspective. Chinese Management Studies, 8(3), 487-501. Wheelen, T. L., Hunger, J. D. (2017).Strategic management and business policy. pearson. Whittington, R. (2014).Corporate Strategies in Recession and Recovery (Routledge Revivals): Social Structure and Strategic Choice. Abingdon: Routledge. Wollmann, D., Steiner, M. T. A. (2017). The Strategic Decision-Making as a Complex Adaptive System: A Conceptual Scientific Model.Complexity,2017, P.25

What Is The Point Of Studying International Relations Theoretically

Many tertiary education level institutions having international relations as part of their syllabuses for business students; some institutions have the unit as a whole study subject.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What Is The Point Of Studying International Relations Theoretically? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reason what the subject has improved in relevance is after considering the prevailing business environment; contemporary business environment is dominated by international trade, globalisation, and international corporations. To produce competitive graduated, tertiary institutions has adopted the topic in their syllabuses. An international society can be explained to mean a group of autonomous states that have not only formed a system that ensures that the behaviour of each state is considered by others, but have also established a common dialogical agreement that ensures that the conduct of the me mbers is governed by common rules and institutions. The states also acknowledge their common roles in sustaining these arrangements. The concept of international society has four views of departure. First, the international society cannot be comprehended as anarchy. Secondly, international relations should not be conceptualized as simply a direct swapping of domestic phenomena regarding the government and order, instead, the main concern of the scholarly research should be on the idea of a society comprising independent states and the observation of order within it, based on unique instruments rather than domestic ones. This non-consideration of the domestic perspective enables one to appreciate a broader view of governance systems than those related to authority and enforcement that is based at one point. The third fundamental point is that looking at it in terms of the society does not mean that associations among the states are necessarily peaceful, and stable. The question is wh ether and to what limits the conflicts take place against the framework of common institutions.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Whether agreement on vital issues exists or not, it does not depend on the number or degree of these conflicts, but rather on what is fuelling these conflicts, and if they are occurring within the context of agreed regulations. Therefore, to concur with the aspect of a common structure of rules and social practices does not mean that conflicts and power do not play a major role in relations among many nations. Social practices are vital in the understanding of how the balance of power operates, and the dynamic nature of war. It is in this same vein that they help in understanding the morality or law that governs relationships among nations. Therefore, international society does not result, as is normally misconceived to a simple liberal aspect t hat is concerned with the enforcement of law and morality. The last view of departure was that a plausibly harmonious international society had historically originated from the classical European state system. The basic duty was therefore to comprehend the past aspects upon which the theory and practice of international order was based. The uniqueness of the contemporary international society is historically exceptional and can only be conceptualized through a collection of experience right from the Renaissance times. Getting these historical basics required that theorists of international society get to comprehend both order and cooperation, with respect to how legal and moral norms function. The international society rests on three components: power, common interests, and common values. Power is imperative in the institutions of the international society. These institutions entail the equilibrium of power, the duty of great powers, and the way in which this should be managed, as w ell as the organization of power. Actually, there is a crucial way in which the balance of power remains the most critical basis. Without it and without firm understanding between the great powers and on how they should conduct relations affecting them all, then the crucial components of international relations such as law, organizations and shared values will not be attainable. One of the most essential propositions about our contemporary experience of international relations is that, the ability of independent states to exist together implies the existence of a balanced aspect of power in the sense of the way power is spread so that no single state is more powerful than others are. Therefore, international order is a reflection of common interestsAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on What Is The Point Of Studying International Relations Theoretically? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More States show cooperation due to the fact that, despite differences in their values and controversies in their power relations, they are able to see the possibility of benefiting from forming a framework that enables them have a common ground in numerous aspects. The international society is defined by its shared regulations, norms, and institutions. In the contemporary international society, the aspect that sticks states together is the Westphalian ideology of independence, territorial integrity and the principle of non-intervention. In the international society, states acknowledge the common need to maintain these social arrangements. Moreover, the structure of an international society is of a hierarchical order, founded on western supremacy. For example, the unchanging position of Africa in the global division of labour since independence shows that the international society is of a hierarchical makeup What Do Neo-Realist Explanations Of International Politics Emphasise? From the standpoint of Neo-Realist, state s are the sole barriers of rights and responsibilities within a law that is governing many nations; however, states consent only on some low principles like common recognition of independence and non-intervention. They have different perspectives of justice, their cumulative desire for order results to the creation of some fundamental rules. The solidarity’s standpoint places a major emphasis on the implementation of international law. Since the international society ultimately comprises of individuals, a right and obligation to charitable involvement exists, that the pluralists will not be ready to admit. Engaged in the concept of international society, we find the appreciation that states have legal duties that are implementable. However, the use of force is justifiable by the international society, even though the connection has been in a frequent changing association to the moral and lawful order. The international society concept therefore unfolds an apprehension on this question. This, nevertheless, could be perceived as a fruitful system for dealing with interesting issues like humanitarian intervention.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bull criticizes solitaries and defends pluralism for two reasons. He claims solitaries create a sense of false solidarity that may undermine the international society instead of strengthening it. Second, is moral skepticism due to multiplicity of moral perspectives by various nations thus hard to find a common morality between nations as implied by the solidarism perspective. Later, Bull grew disillusioned with the pluralism because it failed to provide or bring order among nations hence could not provide order in the international or wider society. In purposive associations, states work together to enhance joint relations such as commerce and shared security while in practical associations, states are defined by shared rules. Whereas the latter is argued to carry obligations, the former has the authority and rules pegged on the resulting benefits; and the connection represented by norms can place a set of laws and obligations as binding as such. The practical association is in some way compatible with pluralism, but the purposive association requires the uniformity of its members that cannot be achieved or pleasant. Those who criticize this line of thought normally emphasize on the impartiality and totality that has to be attributed to the basic traditions of international society such as independence, non-interference and the European form of state. This perspective can further be demarcated in two different ways. First, being the connection between states and the actions they engage in together with persons who attempt to engage in politics with one another. Even though the state as a system can be conceptualized in its own terms, it is often intertwined with politics at some other points. Therefore, politics and morality that is people oriented create unique dynamics compared to politics that are within the state system. The politics within the state system does not only pose a threat to the organization international society, but also promises to provide a stronger political and social structure to the international society. What Does Marxism Say About The Consequences Of Globalisation Internationally According to Marxism a key element in globalization is growth and strengthening of international trade also referred to as world trade. This is facilitated by the elimination of barriers to trade such as tariffs. International trade is the exchange of goods, services or/and capital between different countries. It has been in existence many years ago although much of its significance has been recognized recently. It has continually strengthened economically, politically and socially with many countries participation. International trade plays a very important role in ensuring continuity of globalization. It has benefited nations with variety of options to choose from which they would not have accessed without it. Barriers exist which put restriction to international trade. These trade barriers are governmental policies, fiscal and physi cal barrier. The government may impose restrictions which burrs the importation or exportation of goods or services from certain countries. On the other hand there are trade regulations defined in different nations which restrict trade with specific goods and services. It may also open its borders to facilitate trade. A recent case is East Africa Community (E.A.C.) which started operation on July 1st 2010. It has five members, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania and Uganda. Trade barriers take many forms including but not limited to import licenses, quotas, subsidies, tariffs and non tariffs barriers, and embargoes. Most of the trade barriers use the same principle; they impose some cost on trade so as to raise the prices of the goods in question. Why Is One Theory Of International Relations Insufficient First, a vivid comprehension of the contemporary international society requires a clear departure from some of the old concepts that blur its meaning. Secondly, in a situation where mo dern states find it difficult to coexist, they should learn to embrace common interests, power and shared values that should govern them. Thirdly, international conflict does not originate from international society if the latter has reciprocities mechanisms among its members, which glues them together. The international society should be strengthened to increase international cooperation which will help to protect the global environment and lead to increased security via alliances. The cooperation will also help to bring about international financial security and stability. More importantly, the international society should try and bring more states on board so that some states do not feel as the ‘other’ in the international arena. This can be done through tolerance and understanding of the different cultures because each state has its own unique culture and then the countries can cooperate on a larger scale. What Does The English School Believe Is Missing From Realist Accounts Of International Politics The English School Believe does not necessarily refer to chaos in this context, but rather, to the absence of world government or generally political authority above or amid nation states. Anarchy therefore simply connotes absence of a world government. Structural realists view anarchy in this vein as the core aspect of the international system; it is what differentiates local from international politics. Without the existence of a global government to implement international tranquillity, states dwell in a state of anxiety without there being dependence on each other for defence. They will tend to overestimate the security machinery of others and will tend to take initiatives to beef up their own security systems such as investing more in their military expenses. An example is the recent strain on U.S – Iran ties concerning the latter’s development of nuclear weaponry. This leads to a security dilemma where states attempts to buttre ss their security systems, raising tension among their counterparts who see their own defence thwarted by those attempts. They then respond by improving their own defense mechanisms. The outcome in accordance to the supporters of offensive realism is unavoidable conflict. Other theorists tend to dispute this by asserting that, a security dilemma is avoidable and that in the absence of a world government, states may deem it fit to embrace the advantages of mutual aid as much of as of conflict. Anarchy, explained in the context of lack of government may not mean total disorder. It is not very different from the existence of an international society that are autonomous and yet governed by shared regulations and institutions. Their existence is possible without there being any government to ensure that law and order has been adhered to. The existence of an international society with its own values and institutions influences the behaviour of states in the same way that the absence of a global government does. This raises doubt as to whether anarchy should be accorded the significance granted it by the realist theories. It is just among many other factors that affect behaviour of states. The international law operates within the anarchical order through a non-coercive order. Hedley Bull says that the function of the international law is to identify as the highest principle in the mankind political organization where the idea of sovereign state operates. It therefore means that the state is the main player in international law and consent is established via sources of law in accordance to the states responsibility towards the international society. The second function is stating the rules of coexistence which prescribe the treaty rules, when to use force and defines rules that relate to independence and sovereignty of states. Third, the international law helps to mobilize the states to compliance with the rules. This essay on What Is The Point Of Studying International Relations Theoretically? was written and submitted by user Sage Rose to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Road Not Taken - an analysis Essays - The Road Not Taken

The Road Not Taken - an analysis Essays - The Road Not Taken The Road Not Taken - an analysis Title: The Road Not Taken - an analysis "Do not follow where the path may lead... Go instead where there is no path and leave a trail." -Robert Frost Everyone is a traveler, choosing the roads to follow on the map of their continuous journey, life. There is never a straight path that leaves one with but a sole direction in which to head. Regardless of the original message that Robert Frost had intended to convey, his poem, "The Road Not Taken", has left its readers with many different interpretations. It is ones past, present and the attitude with which he looks upon his future that determines the shade of the light that he will see the poem in. In any case however, this poem clearly demonstrates Frosts belief that it is the road that one chooses that makes him the man who he is. "And sorry I could not travel both..." It is always difficult to make a decision because it is impossible not to wonder about the opportunity cost, what will be missed out on. There is a strong sense of regret before the choice is even made and it lies in the knowledge that in one lifetime, it is impossible to travel down every path. In an attempt to make a decision, the traveler "looks down one as far as I could". The road that will be chosen leads to the unknown, as does any choice in life. As much he may strain his eyes to see as far the road stretches, eventually it surpasses his vision and he can never see where it is going to lead. It is the way that he chooses here that sets him off on his journey and decides where he is going. "Then took the other, just as fair, and having perhaps the better claim." What made it have the better claim is that "it was grassy and wanted wear." It was something that was obviously not for everyone because it seemed that the majority of people took the other path therefore he calls it "the road less travelled by". The fact that the traveler took this path over the more popular, secure one indicates the type of personality he has, one that does not want to necessarily follow the crowd but do more of what has never been done, what is new and different. "And both that morning equally lay in leaves no step had trodden black." The leaves had covered the ground and since the time they had fallen no one had yet to pass by on this road. Perhaps Frost does this because each time a person comes to the point where they have to make a choice, it is new to them, somewhere they have never been and they tend to feel as though no one else had ever been there either. "I kept the first for another day!" The desire to travel down both paths is expressed and is not unusual, but "knowing how way leads on to way", the speaker of this poem realizes that the decision is not just a temporary one and he "doubted if I should ever come back." This is his common sense speaking and acknowledging that what he chooses now will affect every other choice he makes afterward. Once you have performed an act or spoken a word that crystalizes who you are, there is no turning back, it cannot be undone. Once again at the end of the poem the regret hangs over the traveler like a heavy cloud about to burst. He realizes that at the end of his life, "somewhere ages and ages hence", he will have regrets about having never gone back and traveling down the roads he did not take. Yet he remains proud of his decision and he recognizes that it was this path that he chose that made him turn out the way and he did and live his life the way in which he lived. "I took the road less trvaeled by and that had made all the difference." To this man, what was most important, what really made the difference, is that he did what he

Technology Evaluation - Big Data Analytics Research Paper

Technology Evaluation - Big Data Analytics - Research Paper Example Furthermore, Sathi (2012) explains that most enormous data projects normally originate from the desire of answering specific questions relating to business operations. These questions might include on how to increase sales, effectively manage the organization's human resources, and methods of cutting organizational costs. Liebowitz (2013) therefore maintains that with the right platform of big data analytics, an organization will gain the capacity of increasing efficiency, boosting sales, improving operations, risk management, and customer service. This paper is an evaluation study plan, aimed at understanding the benefits and costs of using the technology of Big Data Analytics. In meeting the objectives of this paper, the researcher will identify the research questions that this technology aims to solve, methods used in conducting the study, the limitations, and timeline of events. As large business organizations initiate measures of improving the security system of their computer networks, a common method is being used to employ security staff, as well as establishing a central Information Technology security system (Bethlehem and Biffignandi, 2012). Business organizations have increased an emphasis on the physical security, personal safety, as well as the protection of their important critical infrastructures. This has led business organizations and higher learning institutions to develop a wide range of job titles, reporting relationships, segmented job functions, for purposes of describing how to approach the privacy of data, and protecting personal information, intellectual properties, and security of networks and computer systems (Kibert, 2012). Big Data Analytics concerns itself with analyzing enormous volumes of data, and this becomes a security issue.

LIT 201 3-3 Ouline Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

LIT 201 3-3 Ouline - Thesis Example A comparison of the literal works of Oedipus Tyrannous and Don Quixote gives a depiction of irony depicted in two literally unique set ups. Literary works of both Oedipus Tyrannous and Don Quixote utilizes irony is a vital aspect of literary brilliance. Oedipus made an endeavor to challenge God yet his future was made clear to him by the Oracle of Delphi and the future too of his entourage. Despite this, he repelled and wanted to mend his own fate and destiny (Salomon, 2008). The characters own perceptions, ideologies and beliefs helped actualize his prophecy. This was purely ironically since fate took its course of action that Oedipus knew prior to drafting and following his strategy. Conversely, Sancho a loyalist of Quixote remarked that the black mole on the back of Quixote was a sign of a sturdy man. Quixote compared it to the Islamic forecaster Mohammed and an indication of the strength of a knight even though the audience knows the truth. Oedipus and Don Quixote have displayed vast through paths that proved to be tremendously ironic retrospection. A clear comparison of the irony in Oedipus and Don Quixote and similarities made to appreciate the literal works of the classic writers. It is a literature drive engine intended to spice the stories, enhance its impact and keep the audience fully involved. It is thus a vital part of

Physics of racing cars Essay Example for Free

Physics of racing cars Essay Racing cars are high performance cars. In order for them to be fast the cars body (and interior must be very light). By re-arranging Newton’s 2nd it can be seen that the larger the mass of the car the smaller the acceleration the car will have. For the car to accelerate (or decelerate) there must be some friction in between the cars tyres and the road surface. This traction helps the car to move at a very high speed and if the traction isn’t there the car won’t move even though the tires are rotating. This can be seen when the road surface is icy and the cars loose grip, the wheels are rotating but the car doesn’t move very fast. The force required to slide a tyre is called the adhesive limit of the tyre, or sometimes the stiction. image00.png The formula F  µN shows the relationship between the frictional force and the surface the tyre is moving on. F is the frictional force, N is the normal reaction between on the tyre and  µ is the coefficient of the friction, the more the  µ value the rougher the surface is. The maximum frictional force provided by the tyre is given by  µN, beyond this value slipping starts to occur. This equation implies that the frictional force made by the tyres is independent of the width of the tyre. A car fitted with a wider tyre is creates the same friction as a thinner tyre because the thinner tyre creates more pressure point hence created more contact between the tyre and road surface whereas, the wider tyre covers more surface area therefore creates the same grip between the tyre and surface. Newton’s second law (F=ma), shows that when the traction force is generated the car accelerates forward. Newton’s third law, every action has an opposite and equal reaction shows that when the car does accelerate the driver experiences a force opposite and is pushed backwards into the seat. When the steering wheel is turned the driver tries to get the front tyres to push a little sideways on the ground, and by Newton’s third law the ground pushes back, which causes little sideways acceleration. This changes the sideway velocity. The acceleration is relative to the sideways force and inversely relative to the mass of the car. The sideways acceleration causes the car to go sideways which the driver requires when turning the wheel. When the car decelerates the resistive braking force acts in the opposite direction to the moving car and the driver is pushed forward. The car experiences torque when traction and braking forces are generated. This transfers the weight forward when accelerating sharply and backward when braking sharply. Weight transfer can be controlled by using throttle, brakes and steering. The equation shows that if the speed of the car doubles, the centripetal force must quadruple for the car to go around the same bend, the centrifugal force must also quadruple if this happens. Therefore, racing cars are subject to forward and backward forces due to linear acceleration and deceleration and also large side forces during cornering bends at high speeds, which are called G forces. The equation also shows that if the bend is doubled the centripetal halves. It’s useful for the driver to go around bends at high speeds as the fastest route given by tracing out a curve with the largest radius possible. Air resistance can be modelled by the equation C-Coefficient of drag (0.25-0.45 for cars) p-Density of air A-Reference area (area of car perpendicular to the direction of motion) Ï…-Speed/velocity of car If the speed of the vehicle doubles the drag force quadruples. The drag force can be minimised by decreasing the reference area. This is achieved by making the car flatter so that it cuts through the wind easily giving it a stream lined shape. The shape is also usually like the wings of an aeroplane upside down. In aeroplane the wings will give it a lift whereas the upside down shape on the car will give it a downwards force which helps it prevent from lifting up at high speeds. According to Newton’s first law of motion a car in a straight line motion at a constant speed will keep such motion until it’s acted upon with an external force. The reason why the car does not perform such a motion forever is because of air resistance and friction. Reference: http://www.dur.ac.uk/r.g.bower/PoM/pom/node16.html#eqweight, Richard Bower, 8 16:09:30 BST 1998

Margit Stange’s Literary Criticism of Chopin’s The Awakening Essay

Margit Stange’s Literary Criticism of Chopin’s The Awakening Kate Chopin created Edna Pontellier, but neither the character nor her creator was divorced from the world in which Chopin lived. As a means to understand the choices Chopin gave Edna, Margit Stange evaluates The Awakening in the context of the feminist ideology of the late nineteenth century. Specifically, she argues that Edna is seeking what Chopin’s contemporaries denoted self-ownership, a notion that pivoted on sexual choice and â€Å"voluntary motherhood† (276). Stange makes a series of meaningful connections between Kate Chopin’s dramatization of Edna Pontellier’s â€Å"awakening† and the historical context of feminist thought that Stange believes influenced the novel. For example, she equates Edna’s quest for financial independence with the late nineteenth century’s Married Women’s Property Acts, which sought to give married women greater control over their property and earnings. Ultimately, Stange believes, Edna’s awakening, her acquisition of self-determination, comes from identifying and re-distributing what she owns, which Stange argues is her body, much as contemporary feminist thinkers discussed what she calls women’s â€Å"sexual exchange value† (281). Additional references to reformers such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Charlotte Perkins Gilman, as well as the legal standards of femme seule and femme couverte buttress Stange’s position that Edna’s experiences are a reflection of historical reality, even if some of the equations are a bit rough. Chopin, Stange notes, is careful to separate Edna the wife from Edna the woman – â€Å"Mrs. Pontellier† becomes â€Å"Edna† in the text, and then â€Å"Mrs. Pontellier† once more when her sense of self-ownership again seems lost. Chopin... ...alls a â€Å"moment of extreme maternal giving,† Stanton argued for women’s right to a public voice because â€Å"‘alone [woman] goes to the gates of death to give life to every man that is born into the world; no one can share her fears, no one can mitigate her pangs; and if her sorrow is greater than she can bear, alone she passes beyond the gates into the vast unknown’† (289). Chopin may have had a clearer grasp of the immense hold of the rhetoric of motherhood than Stange acknowledges. Edna at â€Å"the gates of death† may be a woman caught in an evolving conception of self-ownership, burdened by the sorrow of realizing that she can only really own what she no longer wants, because what she does want is yet beyond her grasp. Edna’s trap is indeed a historical reflection, a comment on the tumultuous, even violent, evolution of ideologies, expectations, choices, and realities.

Discourse Analysis Essay

Discourse analysis (DA), or discourse studies, is a general term for a number of approaches to analyzing written, vocal, or sign language use or any significant semiotic event. The objects of discourse analysis — discourse, writing, conversation, communicative event, etc. — are variously defined in terms of coherent sequences of sentences, propositions, speech acts or turns-at-talk. Contrary to much of traditional linguistics, discourse analysts not only study language use ‘beyond the sentence boundary’, but also prefer to analyze ‘naturally occurring’ language use, and not invented examples. Text linguistics is related. The essential difference between discourse analysis and text linguistics is that it aims at revealing socio-psychological characteristics of a person/persons rather than text structure.[1] Discourse analysis has been taken up in a variety of social science disciplines, including linguistics, sociology, anthropology, social work, cognitive psychology, social psychology, international relations, human geography, communication studies, and translation studies, each of which is subject to its own assumptions, dimensions of analysis, and methodologies. Topics of interest Topics of discourse analysis include: * The various levels or dimensions of discourse, such as sounds (intonation, etc.), gestures, syntax, the lexicon, style, rhetoric, meanings, speech acts, moves, strategies, turnsand other aspects of interaction * Genres of discourse (various types of discourse in politics, the media, education, science, business, etc.) * The relations between discourse and the emergence of syntactic structure * The relations between text (discourse) and context * The relations between discourse and power * The relations between discourse and interaction * The relations between discourse and cognition and memory Discourse Analysis Deborah Tannen Discourse analysis is sometimes defined as the analysis of language ‘beyond the sentence’. This contrasts with types of analysis more typical of modern linguistics, which are chiefly concerned with the study of grammar: the study of smaller bits of language, such as sounds (phonetics and phonology), parts of words (morphology), meaning (semantics), and the order of words in sentences (syntax). Discourse analysts study larger chunks of language as they flow together. Some discourse analysts consider the larger discourse context in order to understand how it affects the meaning of the sentence. For example, Charles Fillmore points out that two sentences taken together as a single discourse can have meanings different from each one taken separately. To illustrate, he asks you to imagine two independent signs at a swimming pool: â€Å"Please use the toilet, not the pool,† says one. The other announces, â€Å"Pool for members only.† If you regard each sign independently, they seem quite reasonable. But taking them together as a single discourse makes you go back and revise your interpretation of the first sentence after you’ve read the second. Discourse and Frames ‘Reframing’ is a way to talk about going back and re-interpreting the meaning of the first sentence. Frame analysis is a type of discourse analysis that asks, What activity are speakers engaged in when they say this? What do they think they are doing by talking in this way at this time? Consider how hard it is to make sense of what you are hearing or reading if you don’t know who’s talking or what the general topic is. When you read a newspaper, you need to know whether you are reading a news story, an editorial, or an advertisement in order to properly interpret the text you are reading. Years ago, when Orson Welles’ radio play â€Å"The War of the Worlds† was broadcast, some listeners who tuned in late panicked, thinking they were hearing the actual end of the world. They mistook the frame for news instead of drama. Turn-taking Conversation is an enterprise in which one person speaks, and another listens. Discourse analysts who study conversation note that speakers have systems for determining when one person’s turn is over and the next person’s turn begins. This exchange of turns or ‘floors’ is signaled by such linguistic means as intonation, pausing, and phrasing. Some people await a clear pause before beginning to speak, but others assume that ‘winding down’ is an invitation to someone else to take the floor. When speakers have different assumptions about how turn exchanges are signaled, they may inadvertently interrupt or feel interrupted. On the other hand, speakers also frequently take the floor even though they know the other speaker has not invited them to do so. Listenership too may be signaled in different ways. Some people expect frequent nodding as well as listener feedback such as ‘mhm’, ‘uhuh’, and ‘yeah’. Less of this than you expect can create the impression that someone is not listening; more than you expect can give the impression that you are being rushed along. For some, eye contact is expected nearly continually; for others, it should only be intermittent. The type of listener response you get can change how you speak: If someone seems uninterested or uncomprehending (whether or not they truly are), you may slow down, repeat, or overexplain, giving the impression you are ‘talking down.’ Frederick Erickson has shown that this can occur in conversations between black and white speakers, because of different habits with regard to showing listenership. Discourse Markers ‘Discourse markers’ is the term linguists give to the little words like ‘well’, ‘oh’, ‘but’, and ‘and’ that break our speech up into parts and show the relation between parts. ‘Oh’ prepares the hearer for a surprising or just-remembered item, and ‘but’ indicates that sentence to follow is in opposition to the one before. However, these markers don’t necessarily mean what the dictionary says they mean. Some people use ‘and’ just to start a new thought, and some people put ‘but’ at the end of their sentences, as a way of trailing off gently. Realizing that these words can function as discourse markers is important to prevent the frustration that can be experienced if you expect every word to have its dictionary meaning every time it’s used. Speech Acts Speech act analysis asks not what form the utterance takes but what it does. Saying â€Å"I now pronounce you man and wife† enacts a marriage. Studying speech acts such as complimenting allows discourse analysts to ask what counts as a compliment, who gives compliments to whom, and what other function they can serve. For example, linguists have observed that women are more likely both to give compliments and to get them. There are also cultural differences; in India, politeness requires that if someone compliments one of your possessions, you should offer to give the item as a gift, so complimenting can be a way of asking for things. An Indian woman who had just met her son’s American wife was shocked to hear her new daughter-in-law praise her beautiful saris. She commented, â€Å"What kind of girl did he marry? She wants everything!† By comparing how people in different cultures use language, discourse analysts hope to make a contribution to improving cross-cult ural understanding. How to do a discourse analysis The first point to note is that in order to do a discourse analysis you need to have read a handful yourself first. By reading published articles that use the method, you will have a better understanding of (1) how to do an analysis and (2) some of the theoretical orientations that you will need to know to do your own analysis. Having identified a theory and a chosen item (text or recorded conversation) to analyse, you need to transcribe it in one of the accepted/published ways. The transcript must always appear in the appendices. There are many different forms of discourse analysis, so here we will focus on thematic analysis as an example. What is thematic analysis? Thematic analysis is about trying to identify meaningful categories or themes in a body of data. By looking at the text, the researcher asks whether a number of recurring themes can be abstracted about what is being said. For example, on one level you might find an inconsistency, an attempt to assign blame, an attempt to cite others to support one’s views, a regular interruption of other people, an attempt to make one’s account of some event sound more authentic, and so on. On another level, you might idenitify a regulalry occurring attribution of blame or the repeated reference to some specific cause of an event. The reference might take slightly different forms but refers to the same cause. An example might be football fans blaming various aspects of a player’s motivation for the failure of their team (e.g., â€Å"he gets so much money, doesn’t need to try†, â€Å"he looked as though he wasn’t bothered†, â€Å"he didn’t want the ball†, and so on). In the results section of the report, the themes abstracted are collated and reported on. In doing so, it is usual to cite from the transcription examples of the points you are trying to make. A summary of the findings can be offered but also a critique of the author’s own interpretations – this refers to the concept of ‘reflexivity’, that the author’s is only one interpretation of the text.

Analysis Of The Penelopid Is A Novella By Margaret Atwood

Penelopid The Penelopid is a novella by Margaret Atwood, that tells the story of the Odyssey from Penelope’s perspective. Atwood incorporates many interesting elements in her work including, the women’s place in society, the fairness of justice, the double standard of the sexes at this time period, and a 21st century view on the Odyssey. Atwood uses different literary devices in her writing, such as the genres from the maids and the interesting perspective of writing from hades after death. Penelope’s view of the Odyssey, along with gender roles, reveal the patriarchal expectations though out the novel. In Atwood’s work there is justification to the unfairness, along with the roles women played in Penelope’s society. In the beginning of the Penelopid, Patriarchal social systems show where men have control over all aspects of women in their society. Reflecting back on the time period this is set in, Penelope’s marriage is being arranged by her father, King Icarius. It is told when the husband of a nobly born woman, he is expected to stay at the bride’s father’s palace to contribute his share of male offspring. In the beginning of the Penelopid the races to win Penelope’s hand in marriage, is quickly won by Odysseus, even with his known cheating. Rather than Odysseus staying with Penelope’s noble family he moves her back to Ithaca, where he becomes King. Shortly after they return to Ithaca, Penelope and Odysseus bare a son, named Telemachus. Before their marriage really